Transaction Search Form: please type in any of the fields below.
Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
Time: 2:20 am
Time: 2:20 am
Results for situational crime prevention
40 results foundAuthor: Cook, David Title: An Analysis of the Situational Crime Prevention Techniques Used by Operation Kensington on a Selected Co-op Store Summary: It is apparent that shoplifting within England and Wales is a significant problem that seemingly needs more attention when it is estimated that seventy five per cent of shoplifting incidents go undetected (British Retail Consortium [BRC], 2007b, p. 1). The city of Portsmouth is an area that experiences a significant shoplifting problem. As a result Operation Kensington was set up by Hampshire Constabulary to try and tackle the problem. The scheme redesigned three Co-op stores in a pilot area with the purpose of making them more resistant to crime by using a series of situational crime prevention (SCP) techniques. It has been established that these SCP techniques can be successful in preventing crime and therefore the focus of this study was to assess whether the SCP techniques used by Operation Kensington have been successful in one of the three Co-op stores. The research study sought the views of two police officers who regularly deal with the selected Co-op store and two of the Co-op store workers in order to gain a varied perspective on the techniques. Crime data provided by Hampshire Constabulary was also analysed. On the available evidence the study has been unable to conclusively establish that the techniques used within the Co-op store have been effective. It does however appear that they may have been successful to some degree. The study is however able to say with some certainty that Operation Kensington as a whole as had some positive effects, most notably making the reporting of crime more efficient and leading to an increase in both reported and detected crime within the pilot area. Details: Portsmouth, UK: University of Portsmouth, Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, 2008. 99p. Source: Dissertation: Available at the Rutgers Criminal Justice Library Year: 2008 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://library.port.ac.uk/dissert/view.php?dis_id=10396&rtn=1 Shelf Number: 117095 Keywords: Business CrimeDisplacementShopliftingSituational Crime Prevention |
Author: Welsh, Brandon P. Title: Effects of Improved Street Lighting on Crime Summary: Improved street lighting serves many functions and is used in both public and private settings. The prevention of personal and property crime is one of its objectives in public space, which is the main focus of this review. There are two main theories of why improved street lighting may cause a reduction in crime. The first suggests that improved lighting leads to increased surveillance of potential offenders (both by improving visibility and by increasing the number of people on the street) and hence to increased deterrence of potential offenders. The second suggests that improved lighting signals community investment in the area and that the area is improving, leading to increased community pride, community cohesiveness, and informal social control. The first theory predicts decreases in crime especially during the hours of darkness, while the second theory predicts decreases in crime during both daytime and nighttime. Results of this review indicate that improved street lighting significantly reduces crime. This lends support for the continued use of improved street lighting to prevent crime in public space. The review also found that nighttime crimes did not decrease more than daytime crimes. This suggests that a theory of street lighting focusing on its role in increasing community pride and informal social control may be more plausible than a theory focusing on increased surveillance and increased deterrence. Future research should be designed to test the main theories of the effects of improved street lighting more explicitly, and future light. Details: Oslo: Campbell Collaboration, 2008. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: Campbell Systematic Review, 2008:13: Accessed September 8, 2010 at: http://campbellcollaboration.org/lib/download/233/ Year: 2008 Country: International URL: http://campbellcollaboration.org/lib/download/233/ Shelf Number: 119765 Keywords: Crime PreventionLightingOffenses Against the EnvironmentProperty CrimeSituational Crime PreventionStreet CrimeThird Party PolicingWildlife Crime |
Author: Welsh, Brandon C. Title: Effects of Closed Circuit Television Surveillance on Crime Summary: Closed circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras serve many functions and are used in both public and private settings. The prevention of personal and property crime is among the primary objectives in public space, which is the main focus of this review. CCTV is viewed as a technique of “formal surveillance” and in this regard it is seen to enhance or take the place of security personnel. Results of this review indicate that CCTV has a modest but significant desirable effect on crime, is most effective in reducing crime in car parks, is most effective when targeted at vehicle crimes (largely a function of the successful car park schemes), and is more effective in reducing crime in the United Kingdom than in other countries. These results lend support for the continued use of CCTV to prevent crime in public space, but suggest that it be more narrowly targeted than its present use would indicate. Future CCTV schemes should employ high-quality evaluation designs with long follow-up periods. Details: Oslo: Cambell Collaboration, 2008. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Campbell Systematic Reviews, 2008: 17: Accessed September 8, 2010 at: http://campbellcollaboration.org/lib/download/243/ Year: 2008 Country: International URL: http://campbellcollaboration.org/lib/download/243/ Shelf Number: 119767 Keywords: Closed-Circuit TelevisionElectronic SurveillanceEvidence-Based PracticesPunishmentRecidivismRisk AssessmentSentencing (U.S.)Situational Crime Prevention |
Author: Willison, Robert Title: Overcoming the Insider: Reducing Employee Computer Crime Through Situational Crime Prevention Summary: Employee computer crime represents a substantial threat for organisations. Yet information security researchers and practitioners currently lack a clear understanding of how these crimes are perpetrated, which, as a consequence, hinders security efforts. We argue that recent developments in criminology can assist in addressing the insider threat. More specifically, we demonstrate how an approach, entitled Situational Crime Prevention, can not only enhance an understanding of employee computer crime, but also strengthen security practices which are designed to address this problem. Details: Frederiksberg, Denmark: Copenhagen Business School, Department of Informatics, 2006. 18p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper No. 11: Accessed September 13, 2010 at: http://openarchive.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10398/6456/11_2006.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2006 Country: International URL: http://openarchive.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10398/6456/11_2006.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 119786 Keywords: Computer CrimesSituational Crime PreventionWorkplace Crime |
Author: Wilkie, Katarina Title: Alley-gates: Do They Work? An Evaluation of the Blackpool Alley-gating Scheme Summary: The introduction of the alley‑gates became prominent across the UK and many see it as a cure for reducing crime and anti‑social behaviour. This study is an examination of Blackpool’s alley‑gating scheme. It takes into consideration its impact upon crime statistics and the overall perception of the local community. Details: Blackpool, Lancashire, UK: School of Academic Studies, Blackpool & the Fylde College, 2008(?). 78p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 23, 2010 at: http://www.bsafeblackpool.com/storage/download/Katarina%20Dissertation%20.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.bsafeblackpool.com/storage/download/Katarina%20Dissertation%20.pdf Shelf Number: 119858 Keywords: Alley-gatesAntisocial BehaviorLitteringSituational Crime PreventionTarget Hardening |
Author: Priks, Mikael Title: The Effect of Surveillance Cameras on Crime: Evidence from the Stockholm Subway Summary: This paper studies the effect of surveillance cameras on crime in the Stockholm subway. Beginning in 2006, surveillance cameras were installed in the subway stations at different points in time. Difference-in-difference analysis reveals that the introduction of the cameras reduced crime by approximately 20 percent in busy stations. The study shows that some of the crimes were displaced to the surrounding area. Details: Munich: CESifo Group, 2009. 17p. Source: Internet Resource: CESifo Working Paper No. 2905: Accessed October 21, 2010 at: http://www.ifo.de/pls/guestci/download/CESifo%20Working%20Papers%202009/CESifo%20Working%20Papers%20December%202009/cesifo1_wp2905.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Sweden URL: http://www.ifo.de/pls/guestci/download/CESifo%20Working%20Papers%202009/CESifo%20Working%20Papers%20December%202009/cesifo1_wp2905.pdf Shelf Number: 120047 Keywords: Crime DisplacementSituational Crime PreventionSurveillance Cameras |
Author: World Bank. Department of Finance, Private Sector and Infrastructure - Latin American Region Title: A Resource Guide for Municipalities: Community Based Crime and Violence Prevention in Urban Latin America Summary: Crime and violence have risen dramatically in Latin America in recent decades and are now recognized as serious threats to economic and social stability, particularly in urban areas. The economic costs of crime and violence represent a 14% loss in the region’s GDP. There are four types of costs associated with crime and violence: direct /indirect costs, such those spent on the criminal justice system and incarceration; non-monetary costs, meaning the non-economic detriments on victims; economic multiplier effects, which measure the macroeconomic effects on the country and labor market; and social multiplier effects, meaning the erosion of social capital and quality of life. The purpose of this Resource Book, financed by the Government of the Netherlands through the Bank-Netherlands Partnership Program (BNPP), is to provide mayors of Latin American countries with information on how to design violence and crime reduction programs. It brings together information on best practice principles, step-by-step approaches, and examples of international municipal crime and violence prevention and reduction strategies. The approach adopted by this guide combines law enforcement with social prevention and situational prevention. Effective local government action requires cooperation of all different municipal sectors, civil society organizations, and higher levels of government. Details: Washington DC: World Bank, 2003. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 8, 2011 at: http://vle.worldbank.org/bnpp/files/TF053945ResourceGuideENG_0.pdf Year: 2003 Country: Central America URL: http://vle.worldbank.org/bnpp/files/TF053945ResourceGuideENG_0.pdf Shelf Number: 121282 Keywords: Crime PreventionSituational Crime PreventionUrban Violence (Latin America and Caribbean)Violent Crime |
Author: Vellani, Karim H. Title: Crime Analysis for Problem Solving Security Professionals in 25 Small Steps Summary: This manual shows security professionals how to select and implement appropriate countermeasures to reduce the opportunities for the everyday crimes that are the most common threats to assets and targets that security professionals must protect. Drawing on problem-oriented policing and situational crime prevention the manual is essential reading for security professionals, facility managers, risk managers, property managers, and as well for both public and private police who are concerned with everyday crime problems in business settings. Details: Houston, TX: Karim H. Vellani, 2010. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 15, 2011 at: http://www.popcenter.org/library/reading/pdfs/crimeanalysis25steps.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.popcenter.org/library/reading/pdfs/crimeanalysis25steps.pdf Shelf Number: 121361 Keywords: Crime AnalysisCrime PreventionPrivate SecurityProblem-Oriented PolicingSituational Crime Prevention |
Author: Zannoni, Elio Title: Jewellery Store Robbery: A Victim Risk and Intervention Perspective Summary: This exploratory study investigated jewellery store robbery from a victim risk and intervention perspective. An explanation of the phenomenon was offered based on the information obtained from a review of the existing literature, case studies, personal observations at jewellery stores, discussions with jewellers, a scientific questionnaire submitted to jewellers, and semi-structured and structured interviews conducted with a group of knowledgeable respondents and victimized jewellers respectively. A predominantly quantitative research method was applied. The research findings obtained during the study enabled a proposal for a jewellery store robbery intervention model based on the situational crime prevention perpsective, which is inclusive of decisional, environmental, situational, procedural, personnel and business-oriented strategies. Details: Pretoria, South Africa: University of South Africa, 2009. 259p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed May 11, 2011 at: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/1693/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2009 Country: South Africa URL: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/1693/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 121717 Keywords: Commercial RobberyJewellery Store RobberySituational Crime PreventionStolen GoodsVictimizationVictims of Crime |
Author: Verga, Simona Title: Closed-Circuit TV Surveillance Evaluation: Statistical Analysis of the Effects on Rates of Crime Summary: This paper reports on the statistical analysis conducted on crime data provided by the Toronto Police Services in order to assess the impact on crime after implementing the Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) pilot initiative. Over the period May 2007 to October 2008, the Toronto Police Services installed CCTV cameras in a number of selected areas for periods of time between six months and one year. This report documents the results of the application of standard statistical techniques to determine the effectiveness of surveillance cameras in reducing crime, and compares them with findings from previous research studies. The analysis is based on data derived from the Toronto Police Services call-for-service ACCESS database, a comprehensive, geo-coded database that includes all records of demands for policing services involving events of a violent nature from 1995. This report addresses questions related to crime reduction in the targeted areas and diffusion of benefits beyond the targeted areas, and makes some general considerations about displacement and dispersion. Details: Ottawa: Defence Research and Development Canada, Centre for Security Science, 2010. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: DRDC CSS TR 2010-09: Accessed August 31, 2011: http://pubs.drdc.gc.ca/inbasket/mmgreene.110105_1359.DRDC%20CSS%20TR%202010-09_A1b.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Canada URL: http://pubs.drdc.gc.ca/inbasket/mmgreene.110105_1359.DRDC%20CSS%20TR%202010-09_A1b.pdf Shelf Number: 122574 Keywords: Closed-Circuit Television (Toronto)DisplacementSituational Crime PreventionSurveillance |
Author: Bulamile, Ludigija Boniface Title: Homeowner's Architectural Responses to Crime in Dar Es Salaan: Its impacts and implications to urban architecture, urban design and urban management Summary: This study is about Homeowner’s architectural responses to crime in Dar es Salaam Tanzania: its impacts and implications to urban architecture, urban design and urban management. The study explores and examines the processes through which homeowners respond to crimes of burglary, home robbery and fear of it using architectural or physical elements. The processes are explored and examined using case study methodology in three cases in Dar es Salaam. The cases are residential areas of Mikocheni B, Ilala Kasulu and Chang’ombe Housing. The findings from the three cases are compared and the common findings are illuminated and discussed using criminology, economic and social theories and concepts. The results of the study show that, homeowners physically and architecturally modify their home environments for many reasons. Homeowners do so by building or erecting wall fences around their houses and install or barricade doors and windows using metal bars. From the study, the notable main reasons are security and protection from burglary, thefts, home robbery and visual and physical privacy. Others include property marking, disputes and misunderstandings between neighbours and property encroachment by neighbours. In the study, it has been established that, the actions by the homeowners in responding to crime of burglary, thievery and home robberies have impacts and implications on the built environment. The impacts are: affects the visual experience of the built form by limiting view to houses; keeps neighbours apart thus limiting social interaction among residents; segregating public spaces and thus making them empty without people; encroaching on the streets; reducing surveilability of streets and neighbouring dwellings; create the impression of ‘private appearance’ therefore stigmataizing the residential neighbourhoods, all of which increase the vulnerability of areas as well as enhancing the ‘subjective’ feeling of fear in the areas. Furthermore, the responses pose risks to residents when fire evacuation from homes is required, including the effects that affect the environmental comfort conditions of homes and the overall built environment. Despite of the impacts to the built environment as summarised in the foregoing, the study has shown that, homeowners still erect wall fences and barricade their homes due to fear arising from previous crimes. On the basis of the impacts, a new approach to planning of residential housing areas is recommended in which the question of security against crime is included as design factor particularly in urban design. Either an approach to architectural design of houses and the layout of houses that considers crime as an important factor in addition to ‘target hardening’ approach is recommended to increase visibility and surveilability of built environments. The study concludes by highlighting five implications to urban architecture, urban design and urban management at planning and architectural design, considerations which may be of impacts towards improving built environment and management of the urban residential arena. The study ends by outlining and recommending areas of further research. Details: Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Planning and Environment, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, 2009. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed September 1, 2011 at: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11388 Year: 2009 Country: Tanzania URL: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11388 Shelf Number: 122581 Keywords: Architectural DesignFear of CrimeSituational Crime PreventionUrban Planning |
Author: Barkley, Mark Title: CCTV Pilot Project Evaluation Report Summary: In January 2006, the Toronto Police Service commenced research into the use of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) in public spaces to reduce crime and increase community safety. This report presents the findings of the project team that conducted a external review of the program. In brief, the external evaluation found that the level of crime decreased in three of the five deployment areas; however, there are some differences in reported results between the internal and external evaluations. Details: Unpublished Report prepared for the Toronto Police, 2009(?). 111p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 3, 2011 at: http://geeksandglobaljustice.com/wp-content/TPS-CCTV-report.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Canada URL: http://geeksandglobaljustice.com/wp-content/TPS-CCTV-report.pdf Shelf Number: 122643 Keywords: Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV), TorontoSituational Crime PreventionVideo Surveillance |
Author: Pease, Ken Title: The Carbon Cost of Crime and Its Implications Summary: The report documents the failure to assess the carbon footprint of crime and responses to crime, both nationally and globally and speculates on reasons for this omission. It reviews relevant literatures and notes the absence of recognition of the nexus between crime and carbon-profligate lifestyles. The writers contend that such recognition would profoundly influence social and criminal justice policy. The precise quantification of the carbon costs of crime is beyond the scope of this report, to say nothing of the competence of its writers. While precision is not a realistic aim given the previous apparent neglect of the topic, and revision of the preliminary estimates contained herein inevitable and welcome, nonetheless it seems clear that the direct carbon costs of crime are substantial and the consequential costs more so, to the point where it is difficult to envisage a high crime society being a low carbon society. Recognition of this would lead to a major shift in policy favouring primary crime prevention through the design, implementation and maintenance of products and services less prone to crime. The report tentatively and conservatively estimates the carbon cost of crime in England and Wales at an annual minimum of 6000000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Estimates up to six times that amount could be justified if the carbon cost of moving home were factored in, given that crime is cited as the primary reason for moving home. The costs of crime, both fiscal and carbon, would be a matter for regret rather than action were it not for the demonstrable success of schemes to design out crime, for example from residential environments. At current domestic burglary rates (expected to rise in response to economic recession) the marginal carbon cost of building a home to Secured By Design standards would be recovered within four years, given the observed reduction in a mix of offences associated with the implementation of such standards, and recent evidence about the long duration and increased magnitude of the crime reduction gains afforded by SBD. General implementation of such standards alongside other developments in predictive patrolling could serve to reduce carbon costs further, through a variety of routes from the greater longevity of police vehicles by diminished instant response demands through to reduced court and criminal justice costs. The scope for further improvement in designing out crime from environments seems considerable, and an intensive programme of research to explore avenues for advance is advocated. This is not merely justified in itself, but is important for crime reduction to take its place in the greening of social policy generally. Ecological economics seeks to maximise the use of raw materials, and crime prevention through environmental design provides one means of giving effect to that principle whose promise has already been identified and partially realised. Details: London: Secured by Design, 2009. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 3, 2011 at: http://www.securedbydesign.com/professionals/pdfs/The-Carbon-Cost-of-Crime.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://www.securedbydesign.com/professionals/pdfs/The-Carbon-Cost-of-Crime.pdf Shelf Number: 122647 Keywords: Costs of CrimeDesign Against CrimeSituational Crime Prevention |
Author: LaVigne, Nancy Title: Evaluation of Camera Use to Prevent Crime in Commuter Parking Facilities: A Randomized Controlled Trial Summary: Car-related crimes are a pervasive problem in the United States: each year an estimated 3.3 million people have their cars stolen or broken into. The cost of these crimes is significant: in 2008, the total value of stolen cars was roughly $6.4 billion, while another $1.6 billion was lost through thefts from cars. Commuter parking facilities, where owners leave their cars unattended for most of the day, have particularly high rates of car crime (Clarke 2002; Clarke and Mayhew 1998). Almost onequarter (23.7 percent) of car thefts and nearly 12 percent of all thefts happen in parking lots and non-residential garages. Despite the frequency and cost of car crime, strategies to prevent these crimes have not been well studied. This evaluation report examines the impact of digital cameras in reducing car crime in parking facilities serving riders of Washington, DC’s commuter rail system. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) runs the second-largest rail transit system and sixth-largest bus network in the United States. Between 1999 and 2003, before this study began, roughly half of all serious crimes on Metro property took place in parking facilities. Car crimes were roughly split between stolen cars and thefts from cars, but crime rates were not equal across Metro stations: just over one-third (36 percent) of the stations accounted for 80 percent of car crimes in 2003. These data suggest that some stations make better targets than others — and finding out why could help prevent those crimes. Urban Institute researchers, working with Metro Transit Police (MTP), set out to identify what parking facility characteristics and management practices might create opportunities for crime, analyze those findings in relation to past crimes, and identify promising crime reduction strategies. Noting the limited surveillance of Metro station parking facilities, researchers recommended WMATA use prominently placed cameras to deter offenders. To minimize costs, MTP chose to invest in digital cameras, installing still cameras (not video cameras) at the exits of half of Metro’s commuter parking lots, along with signs alerting drivers (and potential criminals) that license plate numbers and exit times were being recorded and monitored. Similar to “red light” traffic cameras, the digital cameras were equipped with motion detectors to take still photos of cars — including their license plates — as they exited the facility. In addition to deterring criminals, the cameras could provide Metro police with information to tailor their patrol schedules (such as the exact times of thefts) and aid in investigations. In reality, however, only a third of the cameras were live due to budget constraints; nevertheless, the dummy cameras were expected to convey the perception of surveillance. This strategy relied heavily on rational choice theory as embodied in situational crime prevention (SCP): by creating the perception of greater surveillance, law enforcement agencies hope to convince potential criminals that they are more likely to get caught and that they should consequently refrain from crime or take their criminal activities elsewhere. Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center, 2011. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 12, 2012 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/236740.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/236740.pdf Shelf Number: 123594 Keywords: Automobile TheftMotor Vehicle TheftParking FacilitiesSituational Crime PreventionVideo CamerasVideo Surveillance |
Author: Welsh, Brandon C. Title: The Future of Crime Prevention: Developmental and Situational Strategies Summary: Crime prevention means many different things to many different people. Programs and policies designed to prevent crime can include the police making an arrest as part of an operation to deal with gang problems, a court disposal to a secure correctional facility, or, in the extreme case, a death penalty sentence. These measures are more correctly referred to as crime control. More often crime prevention refers to efforts to prevent crime or criminal offending in the first instance – before the act has been committed. Both forms of crime prevention share a common goal of trying to prevent the occurrence of a future criminal act, but what distinguishes crime prevention from crime control is that prevention typically operates outside of the confines of the formal justice system. There are, of course, exceptions, as in the case of problem-oriented policing initiatives that incorporate prevention measures (Braga, 2008; Braga and Weisburd, 2010; Weisburd et al., 2010). In this respect, prevention is considered the fourth pillar of crime reduction, alongside the institutions of police, courts, and corrections (Waller, 2006). This categorization draws attention to crime prevention as an alternative approach to the more traditional responses to crime. Situational prevention refers to interventions designed to prevent the occurrence of crimes by reducing opportunities and increasing the risk and difficulty of offending (Clarke, 1995b; Cornish and Clarke, 2003). Community prevention refers to interventions designed to change the social conditions and institutions (e.g., families, peers, social norms, clubs, 4 organizations) that influence offending in residential communities (Hope, 1995). Criminal justice prevention refers to traditional deterrent, incapacitative, and rehabilitative strategies operated by law enforcement and criminal justice system agencies (Blumstein et al., 1978; MacKenzie, 2006). In this paper we set out to address three main questions as they relate to developmental and situational crime prevention today and in the years to come: 1. What do we know? This pertains largely to the effectiveness of the two strategies. 2. What do we need to know? This concerns gaps in knowledge on effectiveness and related key issues. 3. How can we find out? This final question has to do with research strategies to address the gaps in knowledge and priorities for research. Details: Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, 2012. 65p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 10, 2012 at http://www.nij.gov/nij/topics/crime/crime-prevention/working-group/future-of-crime-prevention-research.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.nij.gov/nij/topics/crime/crime-prevention/working-group/future-of-crime-prevention-research.pdf Shelf Number: 124045 Keywords: Crime PreventionCrime Prevention ProgramsSituational Crime Prevention |
Author: Haigh, Yvonne Title: Urban Renewal and Crime Prevention Strategies: A Case Study in Phoenix Rise Summary: Urban redevelopment is a challenge for all levels of government and the community involved in the renewal process. The spaces in which people live, whether in public housing or in private tenure, impact on personal identity and provide linkages between the personal and the community. That redevelopment in many urban areas includes demolition, refurbishment and the subsequent moving of people into alternative accommodation raises many questions about the role of public housing in modern democracies. While the benefits associated with redeveloping older and out-dated designs have been documented in terms of crime reduction (Gans 1961), addressing social exclusion and accessing public space (Peel 1996; Wilson 1987, 1991, 1997), the perceptions of residents experiencing a redevelopment project have not been well documented. This project acknowledges that urban renewal does not constitute a ‘quick fix’ for past design errors or policies that established purpose-built state housing estates. It also acknowledges that the Department for Housing and Works (Western Australia) and the City of Cockburn are working with the community to bring about change that aims to provide the basis for resilient, sustainable and diverse communities. The body of this report discusses the following issues: • An overview of literature that addresses urban renewal • The policy nexus that encompasses urban renewal, crime prevention and community development • An outline of the demographics of Phoenix Rise (Southwell) • Statistical analysis of three survey waves conducted in the Phoenix Rise locality from January 2006 to February 2007 • Factors identified from community members that pertain to developing a safe living environment • A discussion of the unintended consequences of the new Living Project • Recommendations for the policy nexus The body of the report also makes several specific findings: • Statistical analysis of the survey data does not identify, in general, a significant trend in the residents’ perceptions of Phoenix Rise as either improving or declining during the New Living Project • Statistical trends have been identified in the following areas: an increase in feeling unsafe at night; a decrease in the perception of community consultation; and people perceive it is safer in winter than in summer • Unintended consequences refer to an initial loss of social networks especially in the area of young children and older citizens • The residents of Phoenix Rise do not have information regarding the aspects of the redevelopment project that aim to reduce/prevent criminal activity Factors that impact on safety and quality of life: • A significant proportion of the residents view ‘target hardening’ through high fencing, security systems, visible policing and security guards as primary forms of providing a safe living environment • Reducing the level of obvious vandalism in the area • Targeting vacant houses during the redevelopment period with appropriate security measures • More effective street lighting is required as residents perceive night time to be more unsafe than daylight hours • Further landscaping on verges and in parks Recommendations • At a policy level, work needs to be undertaken to develop benchmarks for effectively evaluating redevelopment projects. This must include, but is not limited to a range of indicators including an analysis of crime statistics, 4 pre, during and post redevelopment, surveys of residents’ perceptions of the changes, interviews with people leaving and moving into the area; interviews with key government stakeholders to ascertain how standards are developed and the manner in which new housing criteria are implemented • At the level of crime prevention, a pamphlet that outlines the crime prevention characteristics of the urban renewal project needs to be developed and distributed to the residents in the locality • Community development support systems require more visibility, especially during the early and middle stages of the renewal project, to deal with the initial loss of social networks for younger school age children and older citizens • Ensure community consultation and information is continued throughout the entire project Overall this project has identified that the New Living Project implemented in Phoenix Rise is still undergoing transition. Residents’ perceptions of the locality and the changes taking place have not significantly altered over the study period in either positive or negative terms. Details: Perth, Western Australia: Murdoch University, Centre for Social and Community Research, 2008. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 29, 2012 at: http://www.cscr.murdoch.edu.au/_docs/urbanrenewal.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Australia URL: http://www.cscr.murdoch.edu.au/_docs/urbanrenewal.pdf Shelf Number: 124758 Keywords: Crime Prevention (Australia)Situational Crime PreventionUrban AreasUrban CrimeUrban Renewal |
Author: Rogerson, Michelle Title: The Impact of Target Hardening on Burglary in Liverpool: A Report to Liverpool Citysafe Summary: The purpose of this study was ‘to improve the understanding of the cost benefits of target hardening in Liverpool, and to inform strategic and operational planning and investment for future burglary prevention work’. The report examines the impact of target hardening on domestic burglary in Liverpool between July 2005 and December 2007. Information on target hardening was supplied by Liverpool Citysafe. Three sources of target hardening funding were identified, namely, Liverpool Citysafe, Liverpool Housing Market Renewal Initiative (HMRI), and Liverpool Neighbourhood Renewal Initiative (NRI) The research questions fell into four categories, and these were: • Description of the characteristics of the location of burglary and target hardening • Assessment of the relationship between burglary and target hardening • Examination of the impact of target hardening on burglary • Priorities for the future deployment of target hardening. Details: Huddersfield, UK: University of Huddersfield, 2009. 87p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 1, 2012 at: http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/9627/1/Microsoft_Word_-_TH_Final_Report_June_2008_Liverpool_Citysafe.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/9627/1/Microsoft_Word_-_TH_Final_Report_June_2008_Liverpool_Citysafe.pdf Shelf Number: 125111 Keywords: Burglary (Liverpool)Cost-Benefit AnalysisSituational Crime PreventionTarget Hardening |
Author: Armitage, Rachel Title: Re‐evaluating Secured by Design (SBD) Housing In West Yorkshire Summary: The report presents the findings of a re‐evaluation of SBD housing within West Yorkshire conducted between January and March 2009. The research builds upon the original evaluation of SBD housing in West Yorkshire, which was conducted in 1999. The project utilised a variety of methods to collect the data presented within the report. These were: A review of the literature relating to SBD and the principles upon which it is based; An analysis of police recorded crime on three separate samples. The aim of this section of the report was to establish whether SBD estates experience less crime than their non‐SBD counterparts. 1) SBD Versus West Yorkshire (16 SBD developments compared with West Yorkshire as a whole); 2) Same Street Analysis (11 developments which contained both SBD and non‐SBD properties) and 3) Matched Pairs Analysis (16 SBD and 16 non‐SBD matched pairs located as close as possible to each other. An analysis of self‐reported crime, disorder and fear of crime on 16 SBD and 16 non‐SBD matched pairs in an attempt to establish whether SBD residents experience less self reported experiences, fears and perceptions of crime and disorder than their non‐SBD counterparts. Visual audits at 16 SBD and 16 non‐SBD sites in an attempt to establish whether SBD estates experience less visual signs of disorder than their non‐ SBD counterparts. Re‐visiting a sample of two developments from the original (1999) evaluation to establish whether the performance of SBD has improved, deteriorated or remained the same. The results were extremely positive with the findings from each strand of the analysis suggesting that SBD developments outperform their non‐SBD counterparts in terms of the reduction of crime, fear of crime and visual signs of disorder. Details: Huddersfield, UK: University of Huddersfield, 2009. 101p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 10, 2012 at: http://www.fldoca.com/meeting/Re-evaluating-SBD-Housing-in-West-Yorks.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.fldoca.com/meeting/Re-evaluating-SBD-Housing-in-West-Yorks.pdf Shelf Number: 125950 Keywords: Design Against CrimeDisorder and CrimeHousingNeighborhoods and CrimeSecured by Design (U.K.)Situational Crime PreventionUrban Areas |
Author: Teedon, Paul Title: Secured By Design Impact Evaluation: Key Findings Summary: The Caledonian Environment Centre was commissioned by Glasgow Housing Association, Strathclyde Police and the Association of Chief Police Officers Crime Prevention Initiatives to carry out quantitative and qualitative analysis of the impact of Secured By Design (SBD) door and window installation within GHA housing stock. The evaluation was also supported by the Scottish Government. The primary aim of this commission was to investigate the impact of SBD installations on the level of crime, primarily housebreaking, in areas where the installations have been implemented; and to explore tenant and LHO perspectives on potential related effects, such as satisfaction with the installations and perceptions of safety within the home and surrounding area. Details: Glasgow: Caledonian Environment Centre, School of the Built and Natural Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2009. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 11, 2012 at: http://www.securedbydesign.com/professionals/pdfs/SBD-Evaluation-Key-Findings-2009.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.securedbydesign.com/professionals/pdfs/SBD-Evaluation-Key-Findings-2009.pdf Shelf Number: 125977 Keywords: BurglaryDesign Against Crime (U.K.)Housing and CrimeSituational Crime Prevention |
Author: Monchuk, Leanne Title: Re-evaluating the Secured by Design (SBD) scheme 10 years on Summary: Secured by Design (SBD) is an award scheme which aims to encourage housing developers to design out crime at the planning stage. The scheme is managed by the Association of Chief Police Officers Crime Reduction Initiatives Limited (ACPO CPI Ltd.) whilst the day-to-day delivery of the scheme is conducted by Architectural Liaison Officers (ALOs) or Crime Prevention Design Advisors (CPDAs) working for individual police forces throughout the United Kingdom. The scheme sets standards for compliance which developments must meet to be awarded SBD status. This paper presents the findings of research conducted over a ten-year period (1999 to 2009) into the effectiveness of the SBD scheme as a crime reduction measure. Utilising a variety of methods, the research aims to establish whether residents living within SBD developments experience less crime and fear of crime than their non-SBD counterparts. Whether SBD developments show less visual signs of crime and disorder than their non-SBD counterparts, and finally, whether properties built to the SBD standard are able to sustain any crime reduction benefits over a ten-year period. Details: Huddersfield, UK: University of Huddersfield. Source: Presentation: Available at Don M. Gottfredson Library of Criminal Justice, Acc. # 126076. Year: 0 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 126076 Keywords: Design Against CrimeDisorder and CrimeHousingNeighborhoods and CrimeSecured by Design (U.K.)Situational Crime PreventionUrban Areas |
Author: Shehayeb, Dina Title: Planning and Designing Urban Space, Community and Crime Prevention: The Case of Arab Countries Summary: World statistics on safety and security show that the MENA region has one of the lowest crime rates in the World (UN-HABITAT, 2007). Homicide rates are associated with combinations of social, economic, cultural and political factors that are unique to localities. Even though underlying risk factors, such as poverty, unemployment, and political conflict prevail in several of the Arab Countries, homicide rates for selected global regions shows that the Arab Countries still have the lowest rates. At city level, large and rapidly growing cities in the Middle East report significantly lower crime rates than urban places elsewhere (UN-HABITAT, 2007). Based on Crime Trends Survey data, the Middle East is one of the regions with the lowest rates of robbery, with 3 and 2 incidents per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively (UNOCD, 2005). The relation of urban space, community and crime prevention has not been studied enough in the region. Place-based crime prevention and reduction theories of defensible space since Oscar Newman (1972) have originated in certain social and cultural contexts and have been often challenged (Kennedy & Silverman, 1985; Merry, 1981; Rohe & Burby, 1988). This earlier trend of physical determinism ignores the role of other variables such as socio-cultural homogeneity, income, teenager-to-adult ratio, places where crimes occurred, and type of crime; the impact of which on crime and fear of crime proved highly significant (Coleman, 1985; Coleman, 1988, pp. 161-170; Mawby, 1977; Van der Wurff, 1988; Schweiteer et al 1999). More recently crime prevention through environmental design – CPTED (Jeffrey, 1977) situational crime prevention (Clarke,1997) and environmental criminology have increasingly been supported by empirical research suggesting that interaction between the social and the built environment including the physical design and its management plays a role in facilitating or diminishing opportunities for crime and violence. While there is no way of establishing causality between physical design or management and crime, some research indicates that 10 - 15 % of crimes have environmental design and management components (Schneider and Kitchen, 2002, 2007). However, the relation between design, management and social aspects as factors affecting crime lacks clarification. Another problem is the limited scope of intervention that this literature has targeted. Empirical research has focused on certain planning and design elements and ignored others. For example, lighting, landscape, and activity scheduling in urban space (UN-HABITAT, 2007) have been focused upon, but not land use planning, street pattern and conditions of the edge of urban space, all of which have proved to play a major role in influencing use and perceptions within urban space (Shehayeb et al., 2003; Shehayeb, 1995). The lack of integration of crime prevention strategies within comprehensive city planning practices has been emphasized as a factor in facilitating opportunities for urban crime (UN-HABITAT, 2007). Recent directions in crime prevention have addressed physical planning from a rather limited perspective; with an emphasis on more effective policing and control strategies such as video surveillance (UN-HABITAT, 2009). For example, they focus on elements such as street widening that can open up previously impenetrable urban areas to police and emergency service vehicles, or the creation of new and ‘better’ housing which would improve manifest living conditions and public control of urban spaces. Such guidelines may lead to reverse outcomes; increased policing maybe at the cost of community building and territorial claim, both of which are factors that have shown effectiveness in promoting safety and security, in some contexts better than policing! Mediating factors such as perceptions of safety, sense of community, and appropriation of space, highly practiced in many cities of the Arab World, should be explained to reveal the nature of the relation between urban space and crime. The role of culture as a modifier of both behavior in, and meaning of, the built environment should be understood so as to avoid making the mistake of formulating prescriptive guidelines and design recipes suitable in some socio-cultural contexts but not in others. This paper aims at exposing some wide-spread misconceptions about the relation between physical space and crime, explaining the role of mediating factors so as to better generalize conclusions to different contexts, and finally, to show how these factors are at play in the context of Egypt as a case study representing the Arab Countries. Details: Santiago, Chile: Global Consortium on Security Transformation (GCST), 2010. 21p. Source: GCST Policy Brief Series No. 16: Internet Resource: Accessed October 8, 2012 at http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.securitytransformation.org/ContentPages/2467318928.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.securitytransformation.org/ContentPages/2467318928.pdf Shelf Number: 126643 Keywords: Crime PreventionCrime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTDesign Against Crime (Arab Countries)Public SpaceSituational Crime PreventionUrban Areas |
Author: Ahokas, Juha Title: Assuring Supply Chain Continuity in Industrial Supply Chains and Complying with Authorised Economical Operator AEO Europe. Final Version Summary: Secure and reliable supply chains and networks enable companies to utilize global markets and resources. Outsourcing and globalization have enabled enterprises to extent their operations to new areas and benefit from economies of scale. Global logistic chains have turned out to be effective platform for the delivery of materials, semi-products and goods between the different economic areas and markets. The development has been beneficial to international companies and economic welfare has increased in several countries. On the other side, dynamic and complex supply chains enable opportunities for criminal action. They create platform for terrorism, crime and illegal competition. Some transnational and poly-crime oriented organized crime groups are aiming at controlling the whole production and distribution processes of entire criminal markets, optimizing profits and cutting out local and minor competitors, on a very rational way. To reach their goal they exploit transportation and financial sector, hire illicit labour to run and manage the supply chain, engage in money laundry, identity frauds and document forgery. International supply chains have turned out to be vulnerable for any crime actions and crime concerns have increased in companies and governments. Especially organized crime and terrorism pose threats to security and safety, to public health, to the environment or to consumers. Traditionally different companies and authorities have concentrated on securing their own operations and sphere of responsibilities. However, supply chain crimes are intertwined in supply chain operations, which transmit forward and reverse goods, services, cash and information. Relying only on inspections or border controls has proven to be always costly leaving doubts concerning the adequate inspection rate. Enterprises have very limited possibilities to self-acquire information related to the backgrounds of their business partners and prospect employees. Generally, crime is recognized to devastate social structures and fair competition. Additionally, private and political interest have emphasized crime preventive approach instead of post-crime measures, thus different kind of customs-government-trade partnerships are endorsed with mutual interest. The terrorist attacks in 2001 formed culmination point to concerns and approaches how to deal with terrorism and crime in supply chains. Since April 2002 several voluntary supply chain security programs and regulations have been established in global trade. The aim of the programs is simply to increase security in international supply chains. The companies fulfilling the security and safety criteria are considered to be secure and safe partners in the supply chain. The reliable traders respecting high standard security criteria benefit from trade facilitation measures: reduced data set for summary declarations, fewer physical and document-based controls, and priority treatment if selected for control. Supply chain security programs can be regarded as good international policy and practices when aiming at better secure supply chains against an intended posed crime act (theft, pilferage, money laundry, currency counterfeiting, industrial espionage, commodity counterfeiting, documents counterfeiting, malicious damage etc.). Additionally, implementation of programs have enabled several companies to gain collateral benefits, including better visibility to the supply chain, swifter response in case of any type of disruptions and lower insurance premiums. However, between security measures and benefits stands a black box, which makes unclear how security programs should be managed to maximize benefits. This publication aims at revealing the inner-side of the black-box. The guide presents and applies practices and procedures, which are approved in a sister discipline that is criminology. Rational choice and situational crime prevention are well-known approaches, which bring criminology down to earth in daily practices and decisions. Rational choice approach takes into consideration a variation and composition of potential crime offenders‘ motivations and capabilities to commit crimes. It supports security efforts and decisions concerning the strategic supply chain and operational design. Situational crime prevention approach provides tools to reduce the opportunities to commit crime and increase the risk of detection if deterrence fails. It focuses on crime opportunities in daily operations and resembles total quality management approach, which is well-known, proved and tried in supply chain and operational management. At last, situational crime prevention approach and total quality management approach are combined in new conceptual model for crime prevention in supply chains. AEO-programs are not self-explaining and self-executing programs. Quite the contrary, they just build a framework, where the compliance with requirements can be attained in several ways. We introduce an implementation model, which is based on teacher-learning cycle aiming at the most cost-efficient implementation in different companies and business units in various cultural conditions. Additionally, it supports government-private partnerships. The model is based on continuous improvement cycle. This guide has 10 chapters with following aims: Chapter 1 elucidates the background of supply chain security programs by presenting World Customs Organization‘s SAFE-program. Chapter 2 works as an incentive to start implementing AEO-supply chain security program. It lists potential benefits, which can be used as financial targets in implementation process. The list of benefits is based on comprehensive literature study. Chapter 3 describes how security issues are included in daily operations. Crime prevention and operational management practices are programmed in same conceptual framework. Chapter 4 elucidates AEO-requirements and appropriate security measures based on available security standards. Chapter 5 suggest methods allocate security resources in an efficient manner. Besides traditional risk assessment approach we emphasize inner-organizational co-operation and efficient communication when tracing crime related problems. Chapter 6 presents an implementation model based on continuous improvement and teaching-learning cycle. Chapter 7 presents customs AEO -audit approach. We give advises how the process could be conducted in an efficient way. Chapter 8 suggest an activity based cost management model, which makes security cost more transparent and traceable. Chapter 9 gives a short description concerning supply chain security technologies. Chapter 10 presents a short summary. Details: Helsinki: Aalto University, School of Science and Technology, BIT Research Centre, 2012. 103p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 19, 2012 at: http://legacy-tuta.hut.fi/logistics/publications/Assuring_SC_Continuity.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://legacy-tuta.hut.fi/logistics/publications/Assuring_SC_Continuity.pdf Shelf Number: 126764 Keywords: Cargo SecurityCriminal NetworksNational SecurityPorts-of-Entry, SecurityRational Choice TheorySituational Crime PreventionSupply ChainsTerrorism |
Author: Morgan, Anthony Title: Effective Crime Prevention Interventions for Implementation by Local Government Summary: Councils are responsible for a range of services related to crime prevention, including managing public space and building design, providing a range of community services and developing policies that affect local businesses. More recently, there has been increasing pressure on local government to contribute to the delivery of a variety of social services and to engage in social planning. This comprehensive report is a collaboration between the Crime Prevention Division of the NSW Department of Attorney General and Justice, and the AIC. It is a large-scale systematic review of interventions to prevent a number of crime types identified as priority areas for local councils in New South Wales. Offences such as non-domestic violence related assault; break and enter; car theft; retail theft and malicious damage were reviewed against specific crime prevention methods. The AIC provided the NSW CPD with a summary of the evidence in support of interventions for each priority crime type. A number of preferred intervention types were selected that could be implemented by local councils, with the support of the CPD, in areas with a significant crime problem. This study has led to a series of handbooks to assist local government to select, adapt and implement the preferred interventions. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2012. 147p. Source: Internet Resource: Research and Public policy Series 120: Accessed January 17, 2013 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/rpp/100-120/rpp120.html Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/rpp/100-120/rpp120.html Shelf Number: 127285 Keywords: Crime Prevention (Australia)Malicious DamageMotor-Vehicle TheftPublic SpaceResidential BurglarySituational Crime PreventionStealingTheftVandalism |
Author: Menichelli, Francesca Title: What's Crime Got To Do With It? CCTV, Urban Security and Governing Elites Summary: The implementation of an open-street CCTV system is usually accompanied by bold claims on the increase in efficiency - faster deployments of patrols - and in efficacy - prevention through normalisation - that it will bring about in day-to-day policing. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in two medium-sized Italian cities where such systems have been recently implemented, the research sets out to challenge these assumptions by offering a backstage view of how surveillance is actually carried out on a day-to-day basis. Using the political and legislative changes that have taken place in Italy since the end of the '90s as a backdrop, the work supports the conclusion that, rather than for crime control, for which they were almost never used, cameras end up serving other goals, for the benefit of constituencies other than the residents of the two cities. Thus, CCTV needs to be understood as a device for the circulation of resources - monetary, discursive and normative - between different institutions and levels of government, part of a wider discursive regime that is only incidentally related to how crime actually affects a given city. Details: Milan: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012. 268p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 22, 2014 at: http://boa.unimib.it/handle/10281/31295#.U1apr0-PLcs Year: 2012 Country: Italy URL: http://boa.unimib.it/handle/10281/31295#.U1apr0-PLcs Shelf Number: 132130 Keywords: CCTVClosed-Circuit TelevisionSecuritySituational Crime PreventionUrban AreasVideo Surveillance |
Author: Rowe, Elizabeth Title: Organised Crime and Public Sector Corruption: A crime scripts analysis of tactical displacement risks Summary: Organised crime in Australia has received increased attention over the last decade, with the enactment of legislation and the development of other interventions that have sought to control this serious criminal phenomenon. Although the success of such interventions in reducing organised crime is yet to be subject to detailed evaluation, prior research has identified certain risks associated with policy responses that could, arguably, also lead to counterproductive consequences (Guerette & Bowers 2009; Smith, Wolanin & Worthington 2003). One consequence of enhanced legislation and/or law enforcement approaches developed to combat organised crime is so-called 'tactical crime displacement', namely that criminals may modify their tactics in order to circumvent the effects of new legislation or increased law enforcement activity, thus allowing them to continue to offend with a reduced risk of detection or criminal justice action taking place. One particular risk of tactical crime displacement is the potential for organised crime groups to focus more on forming corrupt relationships with public officials in order to obtain information that minimises the risk of detection and prosecution. This paper illustrates how organised criminal groups can alter their patterns of offending by inducing public officials into corruptly disclosing information relevant to the facilitation of further criminal activity. This process of corruption is explained using the notion of 'crime scripts', as developed by Cornish (1994), and applied in the context of organised crime. Following an analysis of the crime scripts used by organised criminals in relation to the corruption of public servants in selected cases in Australia, various situational crime prevention solutions based on Ekblom's (2011) 5Is approach to crime prevention are explored as potential ways in which to minimise risks of this nature. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2013. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, no. 444: Accessed Jhttp://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi444.pdfuly 16, 2014 at: Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi444.pdf Shelf Number: 132693 Keywords: CorruptionCrime DisplacementCrime PreventionCrime ScriptsOrganized Crime (Australia)Situational Crime Prevention |
Author: Gibbs, Stephen Title: Applying the Theory and Techniques of Situational Criminology to Counterinsurgency Operations: Reducing Insurgency through Situational Prevention Summary: This research introduces and adapts the 25 techniques of Situational Crime Prevention for use in counterinsurgency operations. These techniques are based on a set of powerful theories within the fields of Environmental and Situational Criminology. Situational Prevention is a strategy that addresses specific crimes, or insurgent activity, by managing, designing, and manipulating the environment in a manner that seeks to increase the risk to the insurgent, while reducing the insurgent's potential reward for committing the act. The 25 techniques offer a practical means to apply these theories to the reality of counterinsurgency operations. Use of the 25 techniques would expand the repertoire of preventive countermeasures, and enable a security force to intervene in the causal chain events to prevent or reduce the occurrence of insurgent violence and crime. These techniques originate from five core principles: increasing effort, increasing risk, reducing rewards, removing excuses, and reducing provocations. Details: Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. 77p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed October 9, 2014 at: https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=21247 Year: 2010 Country: International URL: https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=21247 Shelf Number: 133612 Keywords: Counter-terrorismCounterinsurgencyDesign Against CrimeSituational Crime Prevention |
Author: Alexander, Jemma Title: A Place-Based Approach to Understanding Gun Violence: Exploring the Physical Characteristics of Sites where Youth-Related Gun Violence Occurred in the Halifax Regional Municipality Summary: This research examines whether a greater understanding of the causes of gun violence can be gleaned by examining the characteristics of the physical and built environment where shootings take place. This study seeks to fill a void in the extant literature by exploring the characteristics of sites where youth gun violence occurred in Halifax Regional Municipality. Drawing from the literature on the relationship between crime, crime prevention and the physical environment, 36 shooting sites were examined to identify common design features. A standardized questionnaire gathered data that measured four physical and built environmental attributes that the literature suggests can influence the opportunity for criminal and violent acts to occur in a particular time and place: (1) location/surrounding environment, (2) site permeability, (3) surveillance opportunities, and (4) image. The findings indicate that the following are common characteristics of sites where shootings took place: a high level of accessibility to targets via through streets and intersections, locations close to crime generators (bus stops, public housing, and fast food restaurants), design features that limit surveillance opportunities, and poorly maintained properties. These findings are limited by this study's lack of analysis that could draw a causal relationship between the physical and built environment, on the one hand, and human behavior (including that of offenders and the legitimate users of these sites), on the other. Details: Halifax, Nova Scotia: Saint Mary's University, 2014. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed November 10, 2014 at: http://library2.smu.ca/bitstream/handle/01/25791/alexander_jemma_masters_2014.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://library2.smu.ca/bitstream/handle/01/25791/alexander_jemma_masters_2014.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 134012 Keywords: Gun ViolenceGun-Related ViolencePhysical EnvironmentSituational Crime PreventionViolent Crimes |
Author: Berk-Seligson, Susan Title: Impact Evaluation of USAID's Community-Based Crime and Violence Prevention Approach in Central America: Regional Report for El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Panama Summary: The countries of Central America - especially "the Northern Triangle" of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras - are among the most criminally violent nations in the world. As part of the U.S. Government's (USG) Central America Regional Security Initiative (CARSI), the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) has designed and implemented a set of programs to improve citizen security in Central America by strengthening community capacity to combat crime and by creating educational and employment opportunities for at-risk youth. USAID's crime prevention work has been implemented through its field Missions in five countries: El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. USAID/Washington, via its Cooperative Agreement with the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) at Vanderbilt University, asked LAPOP to design and carry out an impact evaluation of the crime prevention interventions under CARSI in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Panama. This evaluation is part of a broader effort to determine the effectiveness of community-based crime prevention, in contrast to the traditionally more common law enforcement, or mano dura ("iron fist"), approach to addressing the widespread crime and violence permeating Central America. The crime prevention approach attempts to address the root causes of crime, rather than deal with crime after it has become endemic. This multi-method, multi-country, multi-year evaluation was designed to contribute to an understanding of the effectiveness of USAID's community-based crime and violence prevention approach. This package of interventions - that is, the "treatment" in this impact evaluation - includes activities such as planning by municipal-level committees; crime observatories and data collection; crime prevention through environmental design (such as improved street lighting, graffiti removal, cleaned up public spaces); programs for at-risk youth (such as outreach centers, workforce development, mentorships); and community policing. USAID's community-based crime prevention projects are inherently cross-sectoral. That is, they integrate education and workforce development, economic growth and employment, public health, and governance interventions. This scientifically rigorous impact evaluation is based on recommendations found in the comprehensive study by the National Academy of Sciences (National Research Council 2008). It presents a summary of the main findings for the region as a whole. For each of the four focus countries, a more extensive, detailed country-level report has been prepared and is available online at http://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/ carsi-study.php. Details: Nashville, TN: The Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP), Vanderbilt University, 2014. 66p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 8, 2014 at: http://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/carsi/Regional_Report_v12c_final_W_111914.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Central America URL: http://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/carsi/Regional_Report_v12c_final_W_111914.pdf Shelf Number: 134288 Keywords: Community-Based ProgramsCrime Prevention ProgramsInterventionsSituational Crime PreventionViolence (Central America)Violence PreventionViolent Crime |
Author: Queensland. Parliament. Legal Affairs and Community Safety Committee Title: Inquiry on strategies to prevent and reduce criminal activity in Queensland Summary: Crime prevention as a strategy for governments is not a new concept. It has long been accepted that implementation of strategies or programs aimed at preventing the incidence of crime is one of the most effective ways of reducing the overall levels of crime. According to the National Crime Prevention Framework (prepared by the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) on behalf of the Australian and New Zealand Crime Prevention Senior Officers' Group), crime prevention includes: ...strategies and measures that seek to reduce the risk of crime occurring, and their potential harmful effects on individuals and society, including fear of crime, by intervening to influence their multiple causes. In addition to improving the general safety and security of individuals that comes with more general law enforcement efforts, crime prevention strategies can have a number of other benefits including: - reducing the long term costs associated with the criminal justice system; - reducing the direct costs of crime - both economic and social; - reducing the indirect costs of crime - by increased savings in areas such as welfare and health care payments; and - a general improvement in the quality of life of members in the community. 2.1 Approaches to Crime Prevention While the concept of crime prevention appears relatively simple at first glance, crime prevention is complex with a range of factors influencing which type of strategy or program to use for a particular problem at any given time. There are four generally accepted approaches to crime prevention, to which consideration should be given when looking at how to address particular problems. Criminal Justice approaches - which see the police and other law enforcement agencies carrying out their core business of enforcing the laws and offenders being held to account by progressing through the courts and correctional facilities. Social or developmental approaches - which focus primarily on 'early intervention' and targets areas to address the underlying social and economic causes of such crime. These types of approaches often focus on parenting programs and school based programs and aim to reduce the likelihood of young people entering the criminal justice system. Situational or environmental approaches - which look more at the physical environment in which crime occurs. These approaches aim to reduce opportunities for crime through better design, organisation and management of public places, and generally improving security measures for both homes and businesses. Community based approaches - which, as the name suggests, focus on neighbourhoods or suburbs where the community as a group develops initiatives that aim to strengthen the community spirit, encourage social interaction and reduce the incidence of crime through increased community engagement. A greater sense of community is aimed at changing the attitudes of would be offenders and involving them in community projects. Research has shown that no single approach is more beneficial than any other, with each having their place to address individual problems. What has also been shown, is that whatever the approach is that has been taken, to ensure its success - it must be well planned and coordinated, appropriately resourced and have the commitment of all those involved. Details: Brisbane: Queensland Parliament, 2014. 371p. Source: Internet Resource: Report No. 82: Accessed April 8, 2015 at: http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/documents/committees/LACSC/2014/CrimeInquiry2014/rpt-082-28Nov2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Australia URL: http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/documents/committees/LACSC/2014/CrimeInquiry2014/rpt-082-28Nov2014.pdf Shelf Number: 135192 Keywords: Community Crime PreventionCrime Prevention (Australia)Criminal Justice ProgramsSituational Crime PreventionSocio-Economic Conditions and Crime |
Author: Unal, Mehmet Title: Application of Situational Crime Prevention to Cross-Border Heroin Trafficking in Turkey Summary: Drug use and trafficking is one of the most significant problems of today's society. According to the United Nations Office of Drug Control Program, 16 million people are described as problem drug users meaning they are dependent to illegal drugs in their daily life. Problems associated with illegal drugs are not only associated with people's health but also related to economy, politics and social life. Illegal drug trafficking is a multi-billion dollar industry. When it spreads across society, illegal drug business is highly associated with judicial, political, and socio-economical instability in local communities. Arguably one of the leading crime prevention theories is Situational Crime Prevention theory. Situational Crime Prevention seeks to reduce opportunities of specific crimes by increasing risk and reducing the awards. Positive effects of situational prevention strategies on street level crimes are well documented in rigorous academic studies. Although the situational approach has been successfully applied to street level crimes, there are few examples of application to macro level cross-border crimes. This study will test whether international drug trafficking is suitable for application of situational crime prevention. Specifically, this study seeks to locate possible opportunity reduction points in the drug trafficking process. The study has three steps. First the nature and dimension of the drug trafficking in Turkey will be analyzed with specific data provided from Turkish National Police's archives. Second, this data will be analyzed to identify the situational factors that facilitate drug trafficking. Finally, possible means of blocking opportunities for drug trafficking will be explored. Details: Cincinnati, OH: University of Cincinnati, 2009. 163p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 8, 2015 at: http://cech.uc.edu/content/dam/cech/programs/criminaljustice/docs/phd_dissertations/Unal,%20Mehmet.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Turkey URL: http://cech.uc.edu/content/dam/cech/programs/criminaljustice/docs/phd_dissertations/Unal,%20Mehmet.pdf Shelf Number: 135919 Keywords: Drug TraffickingHeroinSituational Crime Prevention |
Author: Nettle, Daniel Title: 'Cycle Thieves, We Are Watching You': Impact of a Simple Signage Intervention against Bicycle Theft Summary: Bicycle theft is a serious problem in many countries, and there is a lack of evidence concerning effective prevention strategies. Displaying images of 'watching eyes' has been shown to make people behave in more socially desirable ways in a number of settings, but it is not yet clear if this effect can be exploited for purposes of crime prevention. We report the results of a simple intervention on a university campus where signs featuring watching eyes and a related verbal message were displayed above bicycle racks. Methodology and Principal Findings We installed durable signs at three locations which had experienced high levels of bicycle theft, and used the rest of the university campus as a control location. Reported thefts were monitored for 12 months before and after the intervention. Bicycle thefts decreased by 62% at the experimental locations, but increased by 65% in the control locations, suggesting that the signs were effective, but displaced offending to locations with no signs. The Odds Ratio for the effect of the intervention was 4.28 (95% confidence interval 2.04-8.98), a large effect compared to other place-based crime prevention interventions. Conclusions and Significance The effectiveness of this extremely cheap and simple intervention suggests that there can be considerable crime-reduction benefits to engaging the psychology of surveillance, even in the absence of surveillance itself. Simple interventions for high-crime locations based on this principle should be considered as an adjunct to other measures, although a possible negative consequence is displacement of offending Details: PLoS ONE 7(12): e51738. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051738 Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 15, 2015 at: http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0051738&representation=PDF Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0051738&representation=PDF Shelf Number: 136054 Keywords: Bicycle TheftSituational Crime Prevention |
Author: Bajpai, G.S. Title: Crime Reduction through Situational Crime Prevention: A Study in the United Kingdom Summary: The proposal of the study 'Crime Reduction through Situational Crime Prevention-A Study in the United Kingdom' was accepted by the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission, Association of Commonwealth Universities London for session 2003-04. The Researcher was given the opportunity to carry out the study at the Department of Criminology (formerly Scarman Centre), University of Leicester. The Researcher as Visiting Commonwealth Fellow carried out the exercise from October 2003 to April 2004. The proposed study is an endeavour to understand the concept and applications of situational crime prevention (SCP) in the UK. SCP as part of Crime Reduction Programme of the Home Office, London has shown encouraging results in cutting the incidence of crimes to a significant extent. Reducing opportunity for crime by a range of measures based on managerial, environment and technological interventions is the core feature of this strategy. The study has following objectives: 1. To critically review the concept of SCP 2. To analyse the techniques of SCP 3. To look in to the performance of SCP in various programmes 4. To understand the Crime reduction initiatives 5. To explore crime and disorder partnership structure in the UK 6. To assess the applications of SCP in the Indian context Details: Leicester, UK: Department of Criminology, University of Leicester, 2004? 95p. Source: Internet Resource: www.ie.ac.uk/criminology Year: 2004 Country: United Kingdom URL: www.ie.ac.uk/criminology Shelf Number: 138122 Keywords: Crime PreventionSituational Crime Prevention |
Author: Walmsley, Edward J.L. Title: Situational crime prevention: the public's engagement with, support for, and their opinions on the effectiveness of SCP techniques and measures within a residential setting Summary: There was little previous literature assessing public opinions of specific crime prevention strategies. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate whether or not the public engage with situational crime prevention (SCP) techniques and measures, whether they support it, and whether or not they believe it to be effective. These main three opinions were then tested against four factors: area of residence; socio-demographic features; victimisation; and fear of crime. The study used a quantitative methodology and collected survey data from 196 participants from two separate locations of opposing crime rates within Kirklees, West Yorkshire. The study found that in general the sample strongly engaged with, supported, and felt SCP techniques and measures within their area of residence to be effective, although the latter measure was unconvincing. A key finding was that all three factors had positive correlations indicating that engagement can increase support and opinions on effectiveness and vice versa. Evidence was found to show that the four factors effected opinions on the effectiveness of SCP, however, no conclusive evidence was found to show that area of residence, socio-demographic features, victimisation, and fear of crime significantly affect engagement and support of SCP. Further results did indicate though, that the public were in favour of a number of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design features, especially improved community cohesion. As a result of the findings, the study suggests a number of policy implications, such as increased community cohesion and educating the public on the positive effects and success of SCP implementation. As well as this, future research should concentrate on exploring fear of crime: in particular do security measures increase it and if so can preventative initiatives such as Designing out Crime and Secured by Design be effective in reducing it Details: Huddersfield, University of Huddersfield, 2014. 133p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed June 29, 2016 at: http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/23528/1/ewalmsleyfinalthesis.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/23528/1/ewalmsleyfinalthesis.pdf Shelf Number: 139537 Keywords: CPTEDCrime PreventionDesign Against CrimePublic OpinionSecured by DesignSituational Crime Prevention |
Author: Rummens, Anneleen Title: Criteria for the evaluation of crime prevention practices Summary: The European Crime Prevention Network (EUCPN) provides a platform for its members to discuss and disseminate best practices in crime prevention. Essential in identifying best practices in crime prevention, is the evaluation of crime prevention projects. A crucial step in any evaluation process is the identification and registration of indicators (EUCPN 2013, UNODC 2010, Morgan & Homel 2013). Indicators provide measurable information on the implementation, efficiency and effectiveness of a crime prevention programme. They can be applied to evaluate projects against specific criteria in an intersubjective and rigorous manner. Information on the identification and use of indicators in the evaluation process of crime prevention projects is nevertheless currently lacking. The EUCPN has therefore commissioned this study to provide an overview of relevant indicators and their application in the evaluation of crime prevention projects1 . The following central research questions will be addressed: 1. What are the most important indicators, both general and specific, for the identification of best practices in crime prevention? 2. How can those indicators be applied in a user-friendly evaluation model? 3. Which conditions need to be taken into account when applying the evaluation model? Each question will be elaborated on in a separate part. The objectives of the three parts are defined as follows: ● Part I: Identification of indicators -Provide an overview of the most important indicators, both general and specific per type of evaluation, type of prevention, type of group targeted by the prevention measure and type of crime; ● Part II: Development of an evaluation model -Develop specific criteria including the previously determined indicators; -Develop a practical evaluation model; -Provide a user-friendly evaluation tool (Excel score form) for applying the model. ● Part III: Testing and improving the evaluation model -Improve and tweak the evaluation model further based on feedback from practitioners; -Determine the conditions under which the evaluation model needs to be applied. Details: Ghent: Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy, Ghent University, 2016. 100p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 12, 2016 at: http://eucpn.org/sites/default/files/content/download/files/2016_10_04_eucpn_evaluation_crime_prevention_practices_final.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Europe URL: http://eucpn.org/sites/default/files/content/download/files/2016_10_04_eucpn_evaluation_crime_prevention_practices_final.pdf Shelf Number: 145438 Keywords: Crime PreventionProgram EvaluationSituational Crime Prevention |
Author: Australian Institute of Criminology Title: Improving lighting to prevent non-domestic violence related assault. Handbook for local government Summary: This handbook forms part of a series of guides to help local governments in New South Wales implement evidence-based crime prevention strategies funded by the Department of Justice (DJ) Crime Prevention Programs (CPP). This handbook has been developed to help guide you through the various stages of planning, implementing and evaluating an improved lighting strategy to reduce non-domestic violence related assault (NDVRA) in your local government area. Using the handbook The handbook provides an overview of the key steps that are involved in delivering an improved lighting strategy to reduce NDVRA. These steps are classified under the following three stages: Stage 1: Planning Stage 2: Implementation; and Stage 3: Review. These steps do not necessarily need to be undertaken in order. You may undertake some steps concurrently, or you may need to go back and revisit earlier steps. However, it is vital that some steps be undertaken early on in the project, such as consulting stakeholders and planning for evaluation. The successful implementation of a strategy to prevent NDVRA will often be heavily influenced by the characteristics of the local community. This needs to be considered throughout the project. Details: Canberra: AIC, 2016. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 6, 2016 at: http://www.crimeprevention.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Councils-Handbooks/assault_lighting_handbook.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Australia URL: http://www.crimeprevention.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Councils-Handbooks/assault_lighting_handbook.pdf Shelf Number: 140314 Keywords: AssaultsCrime PreventionEvidence-Based ProgramsLightingSituational Crime PreventionViolenceViolent Crime |
Author: Sidebottom, Aiden Title: A Systematic Review of Tagging as a Method to Reduce Theft in Retail Environments Summary: Retailers routinely use security tags as a form of situational measure to reduce theft. Guided by the acronym EMMIE, this paper set out to 1) examine the evidence that tags are Effective at reducing theft, 2) identify the Mechanisms through which tags are expected to reduce theft and the conditions that Moderate tag effectiveness, and 3) summarise information relevant to the Implementation and Economic costs of tagging. Following a systematic search of the published and unpublished literature, and through consultation with four retailers, we identified fifty studies that met our inclusion criteria. Eight studies reporting quantitative data were assessed in relation to the effectiveness of tags, but heterogeneity in the type of tag and the reported outcome measures precluded a meta-analysis. Based on the available evidence it is difficult to determine the effectiveness of tags as a theft reduction measure, albeit there is suggestive evidence that more visible tags outperform less visible tags. The three identified mechanisms through which tags might plausibly reduce theft - increase the risks, reduce the rewards, increase the effort - were found to vary by tag type, and their activation dependent on five broad categories of moderator: retail store and staff, customers (including shoplifters), tag type, product type, and the involvement of the police and wider criminal justice system. Implementation challenges related to staffing issues and tagging strategy. Finally, although estimates are available on the costs of product tagging, our literature searches identified no high-quality published economic evaluations of tagging. The implications of our findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.. Details: London: What Works Centre for Crime Reduction, University College London, 2017. 61p. Source: Internet Resource: What Works Crime Reduction systematic Review Series: Accessed July 29, 2017 at: http://library.college.police.uk/docs/college-of-policing/Retail-tagging-SR-2017.pdf Year: 2017 Country: International URL: http://library.college.police.uk/docs/college-of-policing/Retail-tagging-SR-2017.pdf Shelf Number: 146615 Keywords: Loss PreventionProduct TaggingRetail TheftShopliftingShrinkageSituational Crime Prevention |
Author: Okere, Stephen Title: An Evaluation of Circuit Television Cameras in Crime Management: A case Study of Nairobi Central Business District Summary: The study focused on the effectiveness of Closed Circuit Television Cameras (CCTV) in Urban Crime Management in the Central Business District (CBD) of Nairobi. The objective of the study was to explore the extent and effectiveness of CCTV Cameras in alleviating insecurity within Nairobi Central Business District. The theoretical framework looked into the location theory, routine activities theory, situation crime prevention theory and crime prevention through environmental design to understand how crime manifests itself and crime prevention measures adopted. The conceptual framework looked into the Location, Institutional Framework, Resources, Government Policy, Societal value systems, Community participation and Integrated Centralized Surveillance System that makes CCTV system effective in an urban environment. The Methodology used involved CCTV observation, Stratified random sampling of four Strata namely; Institutions/Businesses, Hotels, Supermarkets and Small Business Enterprise using CCTV Cameras. Interviews Schedule was used to interview Administrators, ICT Experts in installation of CCTV Cameras, Law Enforcement agents and urban planners from City Council of Nairobi. The study found out that 92.9% of the total respondents had installed CCTV cameras inside the buildings to offer surveillance inside the buildings. Those connected outside are mainly used to monitor traffic with a few located in strategic areas for crime prevention. 85.7% of the respondents indicated that CCTV cameras were effective where installed and location and coverage of cameras being a critical component. The study recommends the installation of CCTV cameras on the streets for crime prevention. There is also the need to involve all stakeholders including community participation to ensure project sustainability. Finally there is an urgent need for the government to come up with policy guidelines which sets out standards and conditions to be adopted in the operation of CCTV cameras schemes. Details: Nairobi: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment, University of Nairobi, 2012. 138p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed February 6, 2018 at: https://urbanplanning.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/cae/artsdesign/urbanplanning/Stephen%20Okere%20Research%20Project.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Kenya URL: https://urbanplanning.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/cae/artsdesign/urbanplanning/Stephen%20Okere%20Research%20Project.pdf Shelf Number: 149010 Keywords: Camera SurveillanceCamerasCCTVClosed-Circuit Television CamerasCrime PreventionLaw Enforcement Technology Situational Crime PreventionSurveillance Video Technology |
Author: Apperloo, Esther Title: Onveiligheid Stoppen, Bij Het Shoppen...: Onderzoek naar de Invloed van Toezicht in Winkelgebieden op de Veiligheidsbeleving van Mensen (Stop Insecurity, When Shopping ...: Investigation of the Influence of Supervision in Shopping Areas on the Safety Expe Summary: Background information Dutch municipalities have introduced camera surveillance in public spaces with different objectives, namely prevention of crime and nuisance, the timely identification of threatening security problems and the collection of offender information that can improve the investigation (Homburg et al., 2012). The most important goals are maintaining and supervising public order and increasing the safety of citizens (Schreijenberg, Koffijberg & Dekkers, 2009). The introduction of CCTV is mainly justified by two assumed effects, namely the increase of objective safety through situational prevention and the enhancement of subjective safety (Geelhoed, 2005). There is a question of increasing objective safety when crime actually falls. Increased subjective safety occurs when people feel safer because of the presence of the cameras, regardless of whether it has become safer in the objective sense (Van Eijk et al., 2006). Details: Enschede, Netherlands: Universiteit Twente, 2015. 73p. Source: Internet Resource (in Dutch): Accessed January 12, 2019 at: https://anzdoc.com/onderzoeks-en-adviesgroep-politie.html Year: 2015 Country: Netherlands URL: https://anzdoc.com/onderzoeks-en-adviesgroep-politie.html Shelf Number: 154085 Keywords: Camera SurveillanceCCTVCrime PreventionNetherlandsPublic Order MaintenancePublic SafetySituational Crime Prevention |
Author: Chalfin, Aaron Title: Reducing Crime Through Environmental Design: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment of Street Lighting in New York City Summary: This paper offers experimental evidence that crime can be successfully reduced by changing the situational environment that potential victims and offenders face. We focus on a ubiquitous but surprisingly understudied feature of the urban landscape - street lighting - and report the first experimental evidence on the effect of street lighting on crime. Through a unique public partnership in New York City, temporary streetlights were randomly allocated to public housing developments from March through August 2016. We find evidence that communities that were assigned more lighting experienced sizable reductions in crime. After accounting for potential spatial spillovers, we find that the provision of street lights led, at a minimum, to a 36 percent reduction in nighttime outdoor index crimes. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper No. 25798: Accessed May 7, 2019 at: https://www.nber.org/papers/w25798.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://www.nber.org/papers/w25798.pdf Shelf Number: 155674 Keywords: CPTEDCrime PreventionSituational Crime PreventionStreet Lighting |
Author: Chippo, Sherri Bennett Title: A Study of the Relationship Between Transportation Infrastructure and Criminal Behavior Summary: Transportation is a cornerstone among public sector services and enjoys a long history of influence on the nation's culture. These influences emerge from divergent sources and affect each stratum in our social structure: drivers and pedestrians; transients and residents; wealthy and poor. Emergency services depend upon a reliable transportation network. Community activities come to a standstill when faced with weather-related road closures. Local economies suffer when the movement of goods and services is interrupted. Transportation infrastructure also has influences that are much less obvious. This study explores the influence of transportation infrastructure on criminal behavior. Given the fact that crime is largely an opportunistic event, can communities reduce criminal behavior by removing the opportunities that attract it? Relatively new designs for transportation infrastructure may provide a possible intervention. This research explores opportunities for intervention that relate to transportation and the infrastructure alterations that communities may use to engineer a reduction in criminal behavior. Finding the necessary resources to address public needs such as transportation and crime prevention is challenging, and often insufficient. Available funding is dwindling as needs continue to increase. Combining initiatives to expand the potential benefits may provide viable options. Where possible, communities may be able to stretch existing resources by simultaneously addressing multiple issues with the same funds. This study explores one aspect of this strategy by examining the influence of transportation infrastructure on criminal behavior. It has two primary objectives: (a) to determine whether transportation infrastructure projects have the potential to intervene and to deter crime; and (b) to explore the impact of this intervention relative to other elements that influence crime and delinquency. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study initially examines secondary quantitative criminal data from boroughs across PA to determine patterns and variations in reported crimes before and after alterations in transportation infrastructure. Then, a case study further explores these variations by providing a more detailed understanding of the effect of transportation infrastructure on criminal behavior in a single community. The results of this study introduce community decision-makers to additional information for making informed decisions regarding community investments. Details: Indiana, PA: Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2016. 251p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed May 10, 2019 at: https://knowledge.library.iup.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2320&context=etd Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://knowledge.library.iup.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2320&context=etd Shelf Number: 155742 Keywords: Built Environments Crime Prevention Criminal Behavior Situational Crime PreventionTraffic Safety Transportation Transportation Infrastructure |